NEW DELHI: "The science that we work with today should have the inventiveness, foresight, and the vision for it to be the centre of technology that we develop tomorrow." - A.P. J. Abdul Kalam
ABSTRACT
Presently, in the 21st centenary, the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Twitter are playing an important part in gild connecting over a billion people intercontinental and enabling them to communicate and share information as well as within a group of individuals. These social media sites/networks can widely help humanity such as spreading information about infectious diseases and discussing solutions to problems faced by manhood including preventing child trafficking and violence against women. However, social media sites/networks can also harm, such as sharing false information, more popularly known as fake news, as well as violating the privacy of individuals. The proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems together with powerful machine learning techniques as well as the cyber-attacks on information systems are changing the way social media systems are being used by humans. This paper discusses the role of both Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cyber Security for social media systems including the benefits of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as well as protecting social media systems.
Presently, Technology is becoming increasingly important in today's world, and it has altered the way we live. It has always been an important part of society and may be found in the form of fascinating inventions and equipment all around us. Indeed, we cannot imagine a world without technology.
INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a unified term that covers different technologies, like machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, deep learning, and more. Beginning with the discovery of fire by a caveman and continuing with the most recent rocket scientific technology, technologies have developed through numerous stages of development. In the early stages of technological progress, technology is confined to tools such as a pulley, lever, arrow, hammer, or other gadgets that reduce human effort and allow humans to perform physical tasks with minimal effort.
Since the year 2000, the term "Artificial Intelligence" has been widely unrepentant, and we have heard a lot about it. Artificial intelligence (AI) appeared to be on the flap of becoming the next great thing in technology, and now the unforeseen and unforeseen developments brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic situation signal that the time for Artificial Intelligence (AI) has arrived for all of us. The pandemic juncture is driving the necessity for Intelligence in almost all domains and fields.
Regardless of whether people understand what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is or how it works, the term Artificial Intelligence (AI) instil anxiety and uneasiness in their thoughts.
Because of the widely held conception that Artificial Intelligence (AI)would one day overthrow humans and replace them with machines. While it is still contested whether Artificial Intelligence (AI) is good or dangerous, it is only a technology.
Any technology is merely a tool in the hands of its Godhead, which can be used as an augmenting tool or a weapon, and which is entirely in the hands of the person who utilizes it. Any technology is simply a tool in the hands of the developer, which can be employed as an augmenting tool or a weapon.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is not just limited to zombies; it is certainly beyond that in fact, robots or robotics are just one among the numerous manifestations of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
So, the expression Artificial Intelligence is much more broad, intense, and tortuous than what we think it is.
Whether the execution and contribution of Advanced Artificial Intelligence in every phase and sphere of our lives is positive or negative, the indisputable fact that we are aware of is that "AI is inevitable." Starting from computers, and laptops to advanced androids and humanoids are of high grandness in almost all areas such as medicine, business, manufacturing, education, banking, and many more. Social media has become a mainstream part of our lives, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) being unenforced has the potential to enhance connection and communication with users.
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with stories, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or cognitive state by master craftsmen. The seeds of modern Artificial Intelligence (AI)were planted by philosophers who were unsuccessful in describing the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work accomplish in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of scientific discipline reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain.
Alan Turing was the first person to carry out considerable research in the field that he called Machine Intelligence.
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI)research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College, USA during the summer of 1956. Those who attended would become the leaders of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research for decades.
Many of them foreseen that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a contemporary, and they were given millions of bucks to make this vision come true.
In the year 1974, in response to the criticism from James Light hill and ongoing pressure from Congress, the United States. and British Governments stopped funding directionless research into artificial intelligence, and the difficult years that followed would later be known as an "Artificial Intelligence (AI) winter".
several years later, a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide Artificial Intelligence (AI) with billions of dollars, but by the late 1990s, the investors became disillusioned and withdrew funding again. Investment and interest in AI boomed in the 2021s when machine learning was successfully applied to many problems in domain and industry due to new methods, the application of powerful computer hardware, and the aggregation of immense data sets.
BEGINNING OF THE TERM "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE" (1956–1974)
The term "Artificial Intelligence (AI)" itself was finally introduced by John McCarthy in 1966 during the Dartmouth Workshop, a pivotal event that marked the formal inception of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an academic discipline. The basic objective of this workshop was to delve into the expectation of creating machines capable of simulating human intelligence, marking the starting time of a focused exploration into the realm of AI.
The Dartmouth workshop of 1966 was organized by Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy and other two senior scientists: Claude Shannon and Nathan Rochester of IBM. The substance of the conference included this assertion: "Every aspect of erudition or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely delineated that a machine can be made to simulate it".
The participants included Ray Solomonoff, Oliver Selfridge, Trenchard More, Arthur Samuel, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, all of whom would create important programs during the first large integer of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.
At the workshop Newell and Simon debuted the "Logic Theorist" and McCarthy persuaded the attendees to accept "Artificial Intelligence" as the name of the field. (The term "Artificial Intelligence" was chosen by McCarthy to avoid associations with cybernetics and the influence of Norbert Wiener.) The 1966 Dartmouth workshop was the moment that Artificial Intelligence (AI) gained its name, its mission, its first success and its major players, and is widely reasoned the birth of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
The software developed in the years after the Dartmouth Workshop were, to most people, simply "Amazing": computers were solving algebra word problems, proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak language. Few at the time would have considered that such "intelligent" behaviour by machines was possible at all. The Quests of the field expressed an intense optimism in private and in print, predicting that a fully nimble machine would be built in less than 21 years.Government agencies like DARPA poured money into the new field. Artificial Intelligence laboratories were set up at several British and United States Universities in the latter 1951’s and early 1961s.
The theoretical roots of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the concept of nimble machines, May be found in Greek Cultural anthropology.Intelligent artfacts have appeared in journalism since then, with real mechanical devices indicating behaviour with some degree of intelligence. After modern computers became accessible following World War II, they became able to create programs that perform difficult academic tasks.
The study of logic led directly to the revelation of the programmable digital physics computer, based on the work of scientist Alan Turing and others.
Turing's theory of calculation suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbolization as simple as "O" and "1", could replicate any conceivable (imaginable) enactment of mathematical supposition.
Thus,simultaneous discoveries in neurology, message theory and cybernetics, inspired a small group of mortals to begin to seriously think about the possibility of the structure of a physics brain.
After several reports criticizing progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI), government funding and interest in the field dropped off a period from 1984–90 that became known as the "Artificial Intelligence (AI) winter." The field was later revived in the 1990s when the British government started funding it again in part to compete with efforts by the Japanese.
The field experienced some other major winters from 1988 to 1994, synchrony with the collapse of the securities industry for some of the early general-purpose calculations, and reduced regime funding.
VARIOUS TYPES OF AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
Artificial intelligence can be categorized into one of four types:
| SR.NO. | TYPES OF AI | USES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reactive AI | It uses algorithms to optimize outputs based on a set of inputs. Chess-playing AIs, for example, are reactive systems that optimize the best strategy to win the game. |
| 2 | Limited memory AI | It can adapt to previous experience or update itself depending on new observations or data. Often, the amount of updating is limited (hence the term), and the length of memory is quite small. |
| 3 | Theory of mind AI | It is highly adaptive and has an extensive ability to learn and retain past experiences. |
| 4 | Self-aware AI | It is the name implies, becomes sentient and aware of its own existence. Some academics feel that AI will never become sentient or "alive" because it is still in the realm of science fiction. |
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SOCIAL MEDIA
A hard-hitting solution to this head was projected by artificial intelligence in the form of an application that imitates humans based on machine learning. Social media data and social media-based artificial intelligence technologies are mirrored in marketing strategies, giving marketers and their decisions a competitive advantage. So, using artificial intelligence, current marketing has grown more intelligent; it can simply deliver a personalized marketing mix for each customer and make the best and most effective connections at the correct time. The use of artificial intelligence in social network management results in improved data mining, and more intelligent and practical analytic and reports. In this approach, intelligent marketing research and communication, better brand equity, and a healthier virtual community will be attained. If you want to stay ahead of the curve, you'll need AI. So, start by looking at social media. Your plan there will guide how you expand your business. After you've developed a successful social media strategy, you might consider other ways AI can assist you.
In a brief survey of the literature on this topic, we discuss the implications of applying artificial intelligence in social media under the headings of intelligent marketing research, intelligent marketing communications, brand equity enhancement, and virtual community health.Finally, we discuss the challenges of using this technology to improve the intelligent proceedings of managers and corporate owners.
AI is generating headlines for its potential to transform the way humans interact and consume material online.AI's most recent applications include art, writing, and artificial voice generation.However, it is already employed in a variety of applications, including content individualize, healthcare, navigation, and facial recognition systems.
AI has also altered the social landscape through its use in social media. AI can benefit ordinary users, marketers, and the platform itself. It does, however, provide certain difficulties.
Applications and examples of AI use in social media
Artificial Intelligence is used in social media to improve personification and efficiency while providing users with irrelevant unnecessary material. The following are some of the most important pertain of artificial intelligence in social mediaas following:
| Use of Artificial Intelligence in Social Media Apps | Advertising management |
| Analyzing, sorting and tagging data. | |
| Content generation. | |
| Automatic posting and scheduling. | |
| Video filtering. | |
| Social media apps which using Artificial Intelligence like facebook, sanpchat, | |
| voice assistant apps like siri and alexa |
So, Artificial Intelligence is nowadays using the latest technology to scan different trending posts on social media. It can then recommend trendy topics for you to include in your posts, or even write them for you. This technology can even schedule your posts, so you don't have to spend time manually setting them up.
The purpose of the present study is to understand social networking behaviour affected by AI and consumer decision-making power in the context of online existence, particularly focused on the social media level. No doubt, Social media plays a leading role in AI.
Can AI Own Copyrights? What Does Indian Legislation Stand About AI?
'Without specific modification to the legislative aspects, it is unlikely that the existing legal structure would mechanically cover or accommodate the nuances of AI,' While deciding on the copyright issue of a comic book called "Zarya of The Dawn", On this point, the United States Copyright Office made a strong decision very recently. The authorities took away the first copyright from the public and gave a new one to them, but this time, they said pictures shown by artificial intelligence in the comic book don't get copyright protection under the law. This shows they think there's a variation between content made by the public and that made by technology.
In a related linguistic context, the U.K. apex judiciary recently gave a judgement that a recent technology machine cannot be considered an inventor under the Patents Act of 1977. While hearing an appeal by the court, a technologist Stephen Thaler, who invented the AI machine DABUS, the court stressed that the legislature requires an inventor to be a person, and since DABUS is a machine, so, it does not match with this criterion. This raises serious type of questions about how the Indian legislature addresses the same kind of issues concerning AI machines and intellectual property laws in detail.
INDIA'S STAND ON CONTENT CREATED THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
In India, the technology of Artificial Intelligence systems can be the substance of legal matters. In this concern, for example, copyrights, patent applications or even protected as trade secrets/confidential matters, they aren't acknowledged as capable of holding Intellectual Property rights.
There are various Intellectual Property Laws present in India, such as the Copyright Act, 1957, the Trade Marks Act, 1999, the Designs Act of 2000, and the Patents Act of 1970, which are designed to protect creations and inventions.
on the other hand, the above-mentioned legislation does not specifically acknowledge AI-generated material as a separate category for protection. Specifically In the Copyright Act, 1957, which provides a safeguard to the works created by authors, there is no specific clear guidance on how copyright applies to works generated by or through AI.
On this point, Indian courts or judiciary have similarly refused to treat juristic persons as authors of copyright able intellectual property content. The Indian copyright office has followed a similar trend in this regard.
The Manual of Trade Marks Practice and Procedure stipulates that a registered proprietor, the person granted ownership of a trademark, must be a legal entity or a human applicant under the relevant law. As of now, there are no exceptions to these specific rules, and the existing intellectual property laws in India do not expressly address or provide protection for beginning inventions made by artificial intelligence.
Hence, AI-generated material cannot be an offence under Indian law, as the legal framework in India lacks comprehensive provisions for bestowing intellectual property rights upon its creations.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY TO HUMAN CREATIONS
According to the Indian legislative perspective, the human touch is the first condition precedent for obtaining any intellectual property rights claim for creation under the relevant Act, but there is still no interpretation of creations that have an overlap of human and AI contributions. If the matter is created with the resource of AI technology, the licence is granted to the concern using the AI platform. Any content created separately by the AI platform without direct human intervention or authorship cannot be conferred on the platform.
In 2020, the Indian copyright office declined a request for copyright protection for a work created by an AI named Raghav, where the AI itself was listed as the "author." There is also no policy guidance from the Indian Copyright Office on whether AI models or non-humans can be considered authors in cases where the AI model is the creator of the work.
However, as soon as subsequent application regarding AI was submitted, naming related to both a human and the AI (RAGHAV) as co-authors for a different artwork. Initially, the copyright registration for this joint conception was authenticated.
Regrettably, this authentication was later overturned, leading to the revocation of the copyright registration under Indian laws.
As the AI creature operates using existing data or material, an Intellectual Property and Media-Entertainment lawyer as an expert on the law point, pointed out that the threshold of novelty or originality is also a key factor in AI-generated works, data or material.
There is a likely script where the penning of AI-generated work, data or material could be attributed to either the developer of the AI mode , or the user who generated the work, data or material through prompts, for the Copyright Act under the Indian laws.
NEED FOR NEW COMPREHENSIVE LEGISLATION ON THIS BURNING TOPIC
As we discussed various legal, ethical and technical issues on AI-related matters, encompassing AI-related rights and regulations, which are actively taking place within the Indian government. Considering the creative importance, applications, and impact of AI, organizations, authorities, judiciary, and regulatory bodies to hasten their emancipation on potential laws and regulations governing AI. So, the Indian intellectual property laws were established before the emergence of precocious generative AI as we know it today. Therefore, the other way it seeks clarity could be from a legislative perspective and precedents in detail.
In the case of Eastern Book Co. vs. D.B. Modak, the Honourable Apex Court of India established an important principle regarding copyright protection. In this case, the court ruled out that for a work to be considered as an"original" and qualify for copyright protection, it must exhibit a 'marginal degree of creativeness'.
If an AI company can exhibit significant creativity in its AI-assisted content, which meets the legislative standard, and qualifies as a calculation work, the court may value the individual conducive effort and ability as the 'initial author'.
Lastly, The present case set a “ratio decidendi” for future cases, introducing the 'small indefinite quantity of creativity' test, which serves as a touchstone to assess whether a work possesses the incumbent level of creativity for qualification under copyright protection under the law. Based on past precedents, it seems that judicial courts and rules may be hesitant to explain these laws generally to encompass AI. unless explicit changes addressing AI within the ambit of this legislation. on the other hand, without specifically mentioning the changes to the legislation, it is supposed that the existing legislation framework would mechanically cover or assist the nuances of Artificial Intelligence.
Authors of this article are Mr. Arun Kumar, Assistant Professor Department of Law, Punjabi University Regional Centre, Bathinda and Dr.Pooja, Assistant Professor Department of Law,
Punjabi University Regional Centre, Bathinda.
[Disclaimer: The views expressed are solely of the authors and they do not purport to reflect the opinion or views of LawStreet Journal].
